102 Icu Rn jobs in Qatar

Company Description

his is a full-time on-site role for a Patient Care Assistant located in Doha, Qatar.

Role Description

The Patient Care Assistant will be responsible for providing direct patient care, assisting with daily living activities, monitoring vital signs, and ensuring a safe and clean environment for patients. The role involves effective communication with patients and healthcare staff to ensure optimal patient care and compliance with medical standards.

Qualifications

• Compassionate and patient-focused approach to care
• Relevant certifications or training in patient care assisting is a plus
• Previous experience in a healthcare setting is advantageous

Our client, a business conglomerate in Qatar, is recruiting health care staff for their state-of-the-art cardiac center with a capacity of 89 beds in Libya.

THIS POSITION IS FOR LIBYA, AND THOSE WHO CAN RELOCATE TO LIBYA SHOULD APPLY

Position: PATIENT CARE ASSISTANT

Location: Misrata, Libya

Salary: $1,000-$1,500 (3, QAR) - 5, QAR % Tax will be deducted)

Joining Flight Ticket: Provided by Company

Accommodation and Transportation: Provided by company

Annual Vacation: 30 days paid vacation with a round-trip flight ticket.

Job Description – Patient Care Assistant (PCA)Job Summary

The Patient Care Assistant (PCA) provides essential support to patients by assisting with daily living activities, monitoring basic health needs, and ensuring comfort and safety under the supervision of registered nurses and medical staff. The PCA plays a vital role in delivering compassionate, patient-centered care and supporting the overall functioning of the healthcare team.

Key ResponsibilitiesPatient Support & Daily Care

• Assist patients with activities of daily living (ADLs) such as bathing, grooming, dressing, feeding, and toileting.
• Provide mobility support, including repositioning, transfers, and ambulation using safe handling techniques.
• Ensure patient comfort by maintaining clean and organized patient areas.
• Assist with meal service, feeding patients as required, and monitoring dietary intake.

Clinical Assistance

• Take and record vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiration, oxygen saturation).
• Assist nursing staff with basic clinical procedures as directed.
• Monitor patients for changes in condition and promptly report concerns to nursing staff.
• Collect non-invasive specimens (e.g., urine, stool) for laboratory testing.

Patient Safety & Environment

• Maintain infection prevention and control practices in all patient interactions.
• Ensure safe handling of equipment and supplies in the patient care environment.
• Assist in preventing patient falls and injuries through active monitoring and timely support.

Collaboration & Communication

• Work under the supervision of registered nurses and follow care plans as directed.
• Communicate effectively with patients, families, and the healthcare team.
• Provide emotional support and reassurance to patients and their families.
• Participate in staff meetings, training, and quality improvement activities.

Job Knowledge & Skills

• Basic knowledge of patient care practices and infection control.
• Ability to measure and record vital signs accurately.
• Strong interpersonal and communication skills with a caring, empathetic approach.
• Physical stamina and ability to assist with patient mobility and transfers.
• Ability to remain calm, reliable, and professional in high-stress situations.

Experience Requirements

• Minimum 1–3 years of experience as a Patient Care Assistant, Nursing Assistant, or similar role (preferred).
• Prior experience in hospitals, nursing homes, or healthcare facilities is advantageous.

Education

• High School Diploma or equivalent (required).
• Certification as a Patient Care Assistant, Nursing Assistant, or equivalent (preferred).
• Basic Life Support (BLS) certification (preferred).

Core Competencies

• Compassion & Patient-Centered Care
• Teamwork & Collaboration
• Accountability
• Communication Skills
• Attention to Detail
• Resilience & Adaptability

Please note that applicants should answer the pre-screening questions to be considered for this position

THOSE WHO CAN JOIN IMMEDIATELY SHOULD APPLY. REGRETTABLY ONLY SHORTLISTED CANDIDATES WILL BE CONTACTED

About Job Hub Global

At Job Hub Global, we believe that people are at the heart of every great organization. As a premier HR consultancy, we are passionate about helping businesses thrive by providing bespoke recruitment, staff outsourcing, workforce solutions, and HR management consultancy services that are tailored to meet your unique needs.

With a deep understanding of the evolving workplace, we are committed to connecting exceptional talent with exceptional companies. Our mission is to empower businesses with the right people, processes, and strategies to drive success. Whether you're looking to build a high-performing team, streamline your workforce, or navigate the complexities of HR management, Job Hub Global is here to partner with you every step of the way.

Together, we'll turn challenges into opportunities and dreams into achievements. Your success is our business

Key ResponsibilitiesPatient Support & Daily Care

• Assist patients with activities of daily living (ADLs) such as bathing, grooming, dressing, feeding, and toileting.
• Provide mobility support, including repositioning, transfers, and ambulation using safe handling techniques.
• Ensure patient comfort by maintaining clean and organized patient areas.
• Assist with meal service, feeding patients as required, and monitoring dietary intake.

Clinical Assistance

• Take and record vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiration, oxygen saturation).
• Assist nursing staff with basic clinical procedures as directed.
• Monitor patients for changes in condition and promptly report concerns to nursing staff.
• Collect non-invasive specimens (e.g., urine, stool) for laboratory testing.

Patient Safety & Environment

• Maintain infection prevention and control practices in all patient interactions.
• Ensure safe handling of equipment and supplies in the patient care environment.
• Assist in preventing patient falls and injuries through active monitoring and timely support.

Collaboration & Communication

• Work under the supervision of registered nurses and follow care plans as directed.
• Communicate effectively with patients, families, and the healthcare team.
• Provide emotional support and reassurance to patients and their families.
• Participate in staff meetings, training, and quality improvement activities.

Job Knowledge & Skills

• Basic knowledge of patient care practices and infection control.
• Ability to measure and record vital signs accurately.
• Strong interpersonal and communication skills with a caring, empathetic approach.
• Physical stamina and ability to assist with patient mobility and transfers.
• Ability to remain calm, reliable, and professional in high-stress situations.

Experience Requirements

• Minimum 1–3 years of experience as a Patient Care Assistant, Nursing Assistant, or similar role (preferred).
• Prior experience in hospitals, nursing homes, or healthcare facilities is advantageous.

Education

• High School Diploma or equivalent (required).
• Certification as a Patient Care Assistant, Nursing Assistant, or equivalent (preferred).
• Basic Life Support (BLS) certification (preferred).

Core Competencies

• Compassion & Patient-Centered Care
• Teamwork & Collaboration
• Accountability
• Communication Skills
• Attention to Detail
• Resilience & Adaptability

Job Types: Full-time, Permanent

Pay: QAR3, QAR5,460.00 per month

Application Question(s):

• Are you willing to relocate to Libya?
• Do you have a minimum of 2-3 years of experience in patient care?
• Do you have High School or Diploma?
• Where is your current location?

Position: Patient Care Coordinator

Position Purpose

The purpose of this role is to co-ordinate patient applications in Patient Access Program(s) in the region.

The jobholder is required to help represent Axios in daily meetings with patients, doctors and carry out administrative duties which will be both field and office based

Duties and Responsibilities

• 
  Liaise with hospitals, distributors, pharmacies and patients


• Co-payment reimburse solution administration


• Work closely with the Program Manager to secure patient file approval


• Ensure that patient file are complete and ready to be submitted in a timely manner and in accordance with the project processes, workflow and timeline


• 
  Carry out patient, Doctor, Pharmacy and private sector visits for project flow


• 
  Ensure that current patients receive their medications quickly and efficiently


• Prepare timely monitoring reports (monthly) with patient numbers and charities support as well as quality assurance. Reports (quarterly) for internal This includes monitoring and tracking patient files in collaboration with Axios staff in “real time” as patients proceed through the program


• 
  Maintain and update electronic Program files, including patient and quality assurance data


• 
  Attending and completing Pharmacovigilance, Pharma and Product Training provided by the Client with a clear understanding of how to collect and report safety data


• 
  Reporting any adverse events/product complaints as per client’s requirements and/or Axios SOPPs


• Conduct all program activities through exclusive use of Axios’ Patient Management System (PMS)


• Conduct administrative duties for the office

Relationships

• 
  Work closely with Line Manager and Program Assistant in the region


• 
  Reporting to the Line Manager in region


• 
  Work with the related divisions of Axios


• Maintain ongoing and frequent communication with Axios staff including Axios global staff

Competencies

• 
  Application of job Knowledge


• 
  Concern for Order and Quality


• 
  Adaptability and flexibility


• 
  Dependability


• 
  Teamwork

Educational Background and Experience

• 
  A Degree or Diploma in Social Work or Public Health is ideal


• 
  1 to 2 years working experience in an administrative role is ideal


• Good command of both spoken and written English


• 
  Experience in data monitoring and management


• Experience in customer service management

Job Circumstances

• The position is based in our regional office, and it does entail frequent travel to Clients and partners which may be outside your designated region


• 
  Flexibility in ability to travel as well as working hours is essential

Company Description
International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. delivers customized medical and security risk management and wellbeing solutions to enable our clients to operate safely and effectively in environments far from home. Founded in 1984, we operate in 92 countries providing integrated medical solutions to organizations with international operations. Our innovative technology and medical and security expertise focus on prevention, offering real-time, actionable insights and on-the-ground quality delivery. We provide clinical services to include "hands on" direct care at over 800 sites around the world, many of which include inpatient clinical care capabilities. With 12,000 staff (including 5,200 medical and behavioral health providers) our services include the design, deployment, and operation of healthcare solutions including freestanding surgical facilities in remote and austere environments, telemedicine consultation through a wide range of virtual modalities, referrals to a global network of more than 100,000 vetted providers, and global aeromedical evacuation. Within our portfolio of companies, International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc., headquartered in Houston, Texas provides contracted healthcare support to Government defense and civil agencies and government contractors, including support to military exercises and operations, diplomatic missions, natural disasters, and refugee care. To protect your workforce, we are at your fingertips:

Job Description
The Critical Care Registered (RN) will assume responsibility for assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating direct and indirect clinical care to patients. They will competently function as a member of the interdisciplinary team to provide patient and community centered care. The RN serves as an advocate for the patient and their family and intercedes on their behalf by acting as a liaison with respect to their rights and beliefs. They will utilize their expertise of evidenced based practice to manage unexpected and emergent situations, to mitigate and treat a variety of injuries and illnesses in a prompt and professional manner.

Key Responsibilities:

• Assist medical providers with procedures and treatments as allowed within licensed scope of work.
• Critical care and surgical emergencies, while rarely managed onsite, shall be addressed through initial resuscitation and stabilization efforts, medical communication with a receiving hospital and ambulance service, and successful transfer or disposition of the patient(s) into the local healthcare system.
• Provide care in accordance with established protocols, standards of care, and regulatory requirements, and maintain appropriate documentation of services rendered.
• Collaborate closely with other medical providers to coordinate care plans and ensure the delivery of comprehensive, patient-centered care to medically fragile patients.
• Obtain interpreter services for interactions and documentation of care.
• Assessment and documentation of the patient's vital signs, chief complaints, medical history, and prescribed medications.
• Monitor patient vital signs and identify changes in condition.
• Operate and troubleshoot and perform daily maintenance checks on critical care equipment.
• Track life support equipment. If the equipment is moved to an alternate location temporarily and follow up to ensure return of equipment to designated location.
• Establish observable and documentable patient goals utilizing appropriate care plans.
• Proactively and independently administer care, including but not limited to inserting catheters with blood specimen collection, urine collection and EKG's, medication titration, wound care, and administering medications and vaccines.
• Assist patients with basic care and activities of daily living, as needed.
• Provides support and education to help patients make responsible health decisions.
• Maintains supply inventory by checking stock to determine inventory level; anticipating needed supplies.
• Restocking clinical and provider areas once supplies are received.
• Crosstrain to work within in the clinics, emergency room, and units.
• Actively participate and lead code blue responses as required
• Demonstrate cultural sensitivity in all communications with coworkers and clients, fostering an inclusive and respectful work environment that values diversity.
• Participate in mass-casualty drills twice a year and remain available for on-call coverage.
• Complete required organizational compliance education, including assigned requirements that are client-specified, for Joint Commission Healthcare Staffing Services certification or other regulatory bodies.

This list is non-exhaustive, and the role holder may be required to undertake additional duties that are not specifically listed above.
Qualifications
Required Skills and Knowledge:

• Must hold valid, current and unrestricted nursing license from country of origin.
• Minimum of three (3) years of nursing experience.
• Experience in a critical care setting (ICU, CCU, emergency room, etc.).
• Obtain provided American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).

Education Required:

• Graduate from an accredited nursing program or international equivalent.
• Obtain provided American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).
• Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations (SANE) or Sexual Assault Forensics Examinations (SAFE) certifications are preferred.

Physical Demands:

• Work is normally performed in a deployment work environment.
• Work involves sitting and standing for prolonged periods of time.
• May require bending, stooping and lifting up to 15 lbs.

Other Special Qualifications:

• Must be able to read, write, and speak English to effectively communicate.
• This position is unaccompanied.
• The ability to obtain a base security clearance.
• Must be able to relocate to Qatar.
• A valid passport from Country of Record is required and must be in your possession prior to relocation. You must maintain a current passport during your stay.

Additional Information

Pay range is based on several factors and may vary in addition to a full range of medical, financial, and/or other benefits. Final salary and offer will be determined by the applicant's background, experience, skills, internal equity, and alignment with geographical market data.
Benefits – Full-time positions are eligible for our comprehensive and competitive benefits package including medical, dental, vision, and basic life insurance. Additional benefits include paid time off and an annual bonus. International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. complies with all federal, state, and local minimum wage laws.
International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate against employees or job applicants on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, genetic information, marital status, amnesty or status as a covered veteran in accordance with the applicable federal, state and local laws.

Overview

International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. delivers customized medical and security risk management and wellbeing solutions to enable our clients to operate safely and effectively in environments far from home. Founded in 1984, we operate in 92 countries providing integrated medical solutions to organizations with international operations. Our innovative technology and medical and security expertise focus on prevention, offering real-time, actionable insights and on-the-ground quality delivery. We provide clinical services to include “hands on” direct care at over 800 sites around the world, many of which include inpatient clinical care capabilities. With 12,000 staff (including 5,200 medical and behavioral health providers) our services include the design, deployment, and operation of healthcare solutions including freestanding surgical facilities in remote and austere environments, telemedicine consultation through a wide range of virtual modalities, referrals to a global network of more than 100,000 vetted providers, and global aeromedical evacuation. Within our portfolio of companies, International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc., headquartered in Houston, Texas provides contracted healthcare support to Government defense and civil agencies and government contractors, including support to military exercises and operations, diplomatic missions, natural disasters, and refugee care. To protect your workforce, we are at your fingertips: internationalsos.com

The Critical Care Registered Nurse (RN) will assume responsibility for assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating direct and indirect clinical care to patients. They will competently function as a member of the interdisciplinary team to provide patient- and community-centered care. The RN serves as an advocate for the patient and their family and intercedes on their behalf by acting as a liaison with respect to their rights and beliefs. They will utilize their expertise of evidenced based practice to manage unexpected and emergent situations, to mitigate and treat a variety of injuries and illnesses in a prompt and professional manner.

• Assist medical providers with procedures and treatments as allowed within licensed scope of work.
• Critical care and surgical emergencies, while rarely managed onsite, shall be addressed through initial resuscitation and stabilization efforts, medical communication with a receiving hospital and ambulance service, and successful transfer or disposition of the patient(s) into the local healthcare system.
• Provide care in accordance with established protocols, standards of care, and regulatory requirements, and maintain appropriate documentation of services rendered.
• Collaborate closely with other medical providers to coordinate care plans and ensure the delivery of comprehensive, patient-centered care to medically fragile patients.
• Obtain interpreter services for interactions and documentation of care.
• Assessment and documentation of the patient’s vital signs, chief complaints, medical history, and prescribed medications.
• Monitor patient vital signs and identify changes in condition.
• Operate and troubleshoot and perform daily maintenance checks on critical care equipment.
• Track life support equipment. If the equipment is moved to an alternate location temporarily and follow up to ensure return of equipment to designated location.
• Establish observable and documentable patient goals utilizing appropriate care plans.
• Proactively and independently administer care, including but not limited to inserting catheters with blood specimen collection, urine collection and EKGs, medication titration, wound care, and administering medications and vaccines.
• Assist patients with basic care and activities of daily living, as needed.
• Provide support and education to help patients make responsible health decisions.
• Maintain supply inventory by checking stock to determine inventory level; anticipating needed supplies.
• Restocking clinical and provider areas once supplies are received.
• Crosstrain to work within the clinics, emergency room, and units.
• Actively participate and lead code blue responses as required.
• Demonstrate cultural sensitivity in all communications with coworkers and clients, fostering an inclusive and respectful work environment that values diversity.
• Participate in mass-casualty drills twice a year and remain available for on-call coverage.
• Complete required organizational compliance education, including assigned requirements that are client-specified, for Joint Commission Healthcare Staffing Services certification or other regulatory bodies.

This list is non-exhaustive, and the role holder may be required to undertake additional duties that are not specifically listed above.

Required Skills and Knowledge:

• Must hold valid, current and unrestricted nursing license from country of origin.
• Minimum of three (3) years of nursing experience.
• Experience in a critical care setting (ICU, CCU, emergency room, etc.).
• Obtain provided American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).

Education Required:

• Graduate from an accredited nursing program or international equivalent.
• Obtain provided American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).
• Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations (SANE) or Sexual Assault Forensics Examinations (SAFE) certifications are preferred.

• Work is normally performed in a deployment work environment.
• Work involves sitting and standing for prolonged periods of time.
• May require bending, stooping and lifting up to 15 lbs.

• Must be able to read, write, and speak English to effectively communicate.
• This position is unaccompanied.
• The ability to obtain a base security clearance.
• Must be able to relocate to Qatar.
• A valid passport from Country of Record is required and must be in your possession prior to relocation. You must maintain a current passport during your stay.

Pay range is based on several factors and may vary in addition to a full range of medical, financial, and/or other benefits. Final salary and offer will be determined by the applicant’s background, experience, skills, internal equity, and alignment with geographical market data.

Benefits – Full-time positions are eligible for our comprehensive and competitive benefits package including medical, dental, vision, and basic life insurance. Additional benefits include paid time off and an annual bonus. International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. complies with all federal, state, and local minimum wage laws.

International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate against employees or job applicants on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, genetic information, marital status, amnesty or status as a covered veteran in accordance with the applicable federal, state and local laws.

Company Description

International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. delivers customized medical and security risk management and wellbeing solutions to enable our clients to operate safely and effectively in environments far from home. Founded in 1984, we operate in 92 countries providing integrated medical solutions to organizations with international operations. Our innovative technology and medical and security expertise focus on prevention, offering real-time, actionable insights and on-the-ground quality delivery. We provide clinical services to include “hands on” direct care at over 800 sites around the world, many of which include inpatient clinical care capabilities. With 12,000 staff (including 5,200 medical and behavioral health providers) our services include the design, deployment, and operation of healthcare solutions including freestanding surgical facilities in remote and austere environments, telemedicine consultation through a wide range of virtual modalities, referrals to a global network of more than 100,000 vetted providers, and global aeromedical evacuation. Within our portfolio of companies, International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc., headquartered in Houston, Texas provides contracted healthcare support to Government defense and civil agencies and government contractors, including support to military exercises and operations, diplomatic missions, natural disasters, and refugee care. To protect your workforce, we are at your fingertips: internationalsos.com

The Critical Care Registered (RN) will assume responsibility for assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating direct and indirect clinical care to patients. They will competently function as a member of the interdisciplinary team to provide patient and community centered care. The RN serves as an advocate for the patient and their family and intercedes on their behalf by acting as a liaison with respect to their rights and beliefs. They will utilize their expertise of evidenced based practice to manage unexpected and emergent situations, to mitigate and treat a variety of injuries and illnesses in a prompt and professional manner.

• Assist medical providers with procedures and treatments as allowed within licensed scope of work.
• Critical care and surgical emergencies, while rarely managed onsite, shall be addressed through initial resuscitation and stabilization efforts, medical communication with a receiving hospital and ambulance service, and successful transfer or disposition of the patient(s) into the local healthcare system.
• Provide care in accordance with established protocols, standards of care, and regulatory requirements, and maintain appropriate documentation of services rendered.
• Collaborate closely with other medical providers to coordinate care plans and ensure the delivery of comprehensive, patient-centered care to medically fragile patients.
• Obtain interpreter services for interactions and documentation of care.
• Assessment and documentation of the patient’s vital signs, chief complaints, medical history, and prescribed medications.
• Monitor patient vital signs and identify changes in condition.
• Operate and troubleshoot and perform daily maintenance checks on critical care equipment.
• Track life support equipment. If the equipment is moved to an alternate location temporarily and follow up to ensure return of equipment to designated location.
• Establish observable and documentable patient goals utilizing appropriate care plans.
• Proactively and independently administer care, including but not limited to inserting catheters with blood specimen collection, urine collection and EKGs, medication titration, wound care, and administering medications and vaccines.
• Assist patients with basic care and activities of daily living, as needed.
• Provides support and education to help patients make responsible health decisions.
• Maintains supply inventory by checking stock to determine inventory level; anticipating needed supplies.
• Restocking clinical and provider areas once supplies are received.
• Crosstrain to work within the clinics, emergency room, and units.
• Actively participate and lead code blue responses as required
• Demonstrate cultural sensitivity in all communications with coworkers and clients, fostering an inclusive and respectful work environment that values diversity.
• Participate in mass-casualty drills twice a year and remain available for on-call coverage.
• Complete required organizational compliance education, including assigned requirements that are client-specified, for Joint Commission Healthcare Staffing Services certification or other regulatory bodies.

This list is non-exhaustive, and the role holder may be required to undertake additional duties that are not specifically listed above.

Required Skills and Knowledge:

• Must hold valid, current and unrestricted nursing license from country of origin.
• Minimum of three (3) years of nursing experience.
• Experience in a critical care setting (ICU, CCU, emergency room, etc.).
• Obtain provided American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).

Education Required:

• Graduate from an accredited nursing program or international equivalent.
• Obtain provided American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification and Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).
• Sexual Assault Nurse Examinations (SANE) or Sexual Assault Forensics Examinations (SAFE) certifications are preferred.

Physical Demands:

• Work is normally performed in a deployment work environment.
• Work involves sitting and standing for prolonged periods of time.
• May require bending, stooping and lifting up to 15 lbs.

Other Special Qualifications:

• Must be able to read, write, and speak English to effectively communicate.
• This position is unaccompanied.
• The ability to obtain a base security clearance.
• Must be able to relocate to Qatar.
• A valid passport from Country of Record is required and must be in your possession prior to relocation. You must maintain a current passport during your stay.

Pay range is based on several factors and may vary in addition to a full range of medical, financial, and/or other benefits. Final salary and offer will be determined by the applicant’s background, experience, skills, internal equity, and alignment with geographical market data.

Benefits – Full-time positions are eligible for our comprehensive and competitive benefits package including medical, dental, vision, and basic life insurance. Additional benefits include paid time off and an annual bonus. International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. complies with all federal, state, and local minimum wage laws.

International SOS Government Medical Services, Inc. is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate against employees or job applicants on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, disability, genetic information, marital status, amnesty or status as a covered veteran in accordance with the applicable federal, state and local laws.